The study presents a wide panorama of the Bashkir national movement of 1917-1921. It is written on the basis of the use of archival materials, published sources and literature. It highlights from new positions the origins and process of the formation and development of the Bashkir national movement in critical years for the country, shows the most difficult, sometimes tragic pages of the struggle of the people for self-determination, for solving the national question in the context of revolution and civil war.