The monograph is devoted to the study of pre-Christian religious monuments: shrines, cemeteries, objects - in the system of religious beliefs of the Udmurts. The chronological framework of the study covers two periods: the second half of I - the beginning of the II millennium. e., XVI - early XX century. The deep layers of the spiritual life of the ancient Permians are reconstructed, the features of continuity and innovation in the folk religion of the Udmurts are traced.