The monograph in a popular science form contains the results of many years of research on archaeological sites of the Ugric and Samoyans of Western Siberia, reconstructions of the social system, power, and economic life. Ways of interaction with the nomadic world of the Ugro-Samoyedic population throughout the ancient Turkic and pre-Mongol times (V-XII centuries) are shown. Particular attention is paid to the specific features of the traditional material and mental culture of the Ugra and Samoyans as the basis for their stable and long-term coexistence with the southern world of the population of nomadic cultures. Designed for a wide range of readers interested in history, archeology, culture of the population of Western Siberia during the early Middle Ages.