The monograph is devoted to the complex solution of a number of historical, philosophical and sinological problems: reproduction as a holistic system of "teachings about symbols" (xiang shu zhi xue) - universal and generally accepted formal methodology of philosophical and scientific knowledge in traditional China, or the original concept of Chinese numerology as a special methodological theory of symbolizing spatio-numerical structures, establishing its standard meaningful interpretation, clarifying its origin and main stages of historical evolution, analyzing interaction with an alternative and defeated methodological system - protology, comparison with similar phenomena in European philosophy, i.e. Aristotelian-Stoic formal logic and Pythagorean-Platonic numerology, or structurology (arrhythmology).