The book of Doctor of Biological Sciences M. M. Kamshilov examines the problem of the evolution of the biosphere. Such issues as the origin of the biosphere, its organization, features of the life substrate, factors and patterns of the evolution of the biosphere, the mutual relationship of the biosphere and human society are covered. The book was written popularly with the involvement of factual data from paleontology, biogeocenology, genetics, molecular biology. The book is designed for wide circles of readers interested in the evolution of life and the problem of the scientific foundations of nature conservation.