In this book, the first two sections are devoted to the history of fauna, flora, paleogeography and biostratigraphy of the Pliocene, Pleistocene and Holocene of the Baltic States, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, some central regions of Russia, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Interesting information is provided about the fauna of mammals, freshwater mollusks and ostracods, as well as vegetation (according to palynological data). The methodology for conducting palynological studies is discussed. The third section discusses the problems of the occurrence of the oldest Paleolithic monuments of Moldova, Transcaucasia, the Russian Plain, Tajikistan, the ratio of various archaeological cultures of the Paleolithic of the Dniester and other regions of the USSR.