This textbook (first edition published in 1991) is a summary and analysis of the main problems of modern anthropological science, systematized in three main sections: evolutionary anthropology, age and constitutional anthropology, population anthropology. Stages, factors and regularities of historical-evolutionary and individual development of the person, complex medical-biological problem of the constitution, anthropological aspects of adaptation, biological variability of the person, genetic processes in populations of the modern person, problems of ethnic anthropology and rasogenesis are successively considered.