This book is devoted to interdisciplinary problems of modern science. In it, in the words of Charles Snow, a bridge is thrown between two cultures - natural science and humanitarian. The book shows the path traveled by knowledge from deep philosophical ideas, starting with Antiquity, the Middle Ages and the New Age, to research at the forefront of science - nanotechnology, chaos, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, high humanitarian technologies. Despite the breadth of coverage of the problems considered, this work is based on deep internal unity associated with the use and development of the theory of self-organization, or synergetics, and its section - complexity theory.