The monograph from the standpoint of modern historical science for the first time examined the conditions and general directions of the development of clinical medicine in the twentieth century, its main stages are highlighted, the key names of the participants in this process are named as in Russia, so in world medicine as a whole, the history of the formation of mainly therapeutic, as well as surgical scientific disciplines and specialties and the development of a number of critical clinical problems; shows the genealogy of the main domestic therapeutic schools. Designed for medical history teachers and graduate students, as well as a wide range of clinicians and medical students.