Based on the materials of the archives (FSB, RGASPI, GARF, RGAE), published sources and historical literature of recent years, the author covers the key problems of creating a collective farm system in the USSR, gives an objective and comprehensive assessment of the processes and phenomena under consideration. The focus is on the agrarian policy of the party and the state, the social and economic development of the village. The problem of political repression, which took on the character of the Great Terror in 1937-1938. the character of the Great Terror.