Theoretical information is presented on the main phase and structural transformations in alloys during primary crystallization and in the solid state, as well as in the field of strengthening materials during the supply of non-thermal forms of energy. Alloys are classified according to the degree of nonequilibrium of their initial state. The principles of synergetics and theory of fractal structures are described, on the basis of which the methodology for managing structure formation in metals and alloys using non-equilibrium and self-organizing technologies is considered.