The textbook is devoted to the basics of the formation, functioning and development of education and pedagogical thought, which appear against the background of various epochs, political, economic and cultural factors; introduces leading names, philosophical and pedagogical systems, which are based on the upbringing and education of many generations, countries and continents throughout almost the entire history of mankind. The problems and prospects of modern education and upbringing in the world are considered. Particular attention is paid to the role of education in modern Russia. The textbook is intended for students of higher educational institutions.