The monograph tells about the main aspects of the traditional Russian mentality reflected in the writing monuments of the Russian Old Believers. This literature, diverse in genres and aspects of the topic, records the attitude of the Old Believers to power and their interpretation of historical events, reflects spiritual experiences, reasoning about the fate of humanity as a whole and an individual. The main focus of the book is on eschatological theories, which occupy a special place in the Old Believer book culture.