The monograph explores the issues of cognition, the problems of subject and object in the theory of cognition of Sufism, Sufi rituals and ecstasy, esoteric and exoteric knowledge, the ratio of sensual and rational cognition, the attitude of Sufism to the epistemology of peripatetism, the stages of irrational cognition, which are essentially an expression of the free-thinking of Sufi thinkers. Along with the analysis of existing literature in the work, a number of Sufi sources are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. For specialists in the history of philosophy, teachers, graduate students and all those interested in the history of philosophical and socio-political thought of the countries of the Near and Middle East.