The book received a systematic presentation of questions revealing the originality and uniqueness of philosophical discourse. The author's focus is on philosophical reflection and the initial "beginning" as such a metaphysical concept in which the diversity of objective reality is expressed in the form of a single one that removes all objectivity. The position is conceptually justified that the category "person," interpreted in a broad metaphysical sense, is an adequate prototype of the "beginning" of philosophical thought. Modern philosophy can only exist as a philosophical anthropology. It is emphasized that philosophical anthropology is not a branch of philosophy, but a system of knowledge about an integral person. The definition of philosophical anthropology is given, the objective need for a new image of philosophy is substantiated, the non-classical type of rationality is characterized, the existence of a person in various forms of transcendence of the mind is shown. It is noted that human philosophy as a system of knowledge and a way of philosophizing removes the differences between materialism and idealism; it retains the opposite of dogmatism and reflection, non-reflective and reflective philosophy, itself existing as a functional concept of the mind. The book is addressed to a wide range of readers interested in issues of philosophy, religion, culture.