The monograph characterizes the ancient dwellings of Transbaikalia of the Paleolithic and Mesolithic times, identified in the multilayer settlements of Peschanaya Tropa, Kosaya Shivera-1, -2, Studenoe -1, -2, Ust-Menza 1-3, Sanny Cape, etc. The possibility of archaeological allocation of dwellings is proved, their reconstruction is carried out on the basis of an experiment, data from ethnography and ethnoarchaeology.