This book is the second in the educational complex "Fundamentals of psychological anthropology" (the first - "Psychology of man," the third - "Psychology of human education"). It is central to the structure of the teacher's psychological education. The book outlines the main approaches to understanding and explaining the laws of human mental development that have developed in foreign and domestic psychology; the content of the development principle in psychology and its categorical structure; anthropological model of subjective reality and periodization of its development in ontogeny; stages, periods and stages of development of a person's subjectivity within his individual life. Book is concluded by dictionary of basic concepts and educational program of course.