This book is the first complete translation into Russian of the classical work of the famous philosopher and sociologist Karl Raimund Popper (1902-1994). In a polemic with the neopositivism of the Vienna Circle, Popper formulates in this work, first published in 1934, the main provisions of his theory of the growth of scientific knowledge, which brought him world fame. The translation includes all "Appendices" placed in the 1934 German edition and in all subsequent English editions of this book.