The 1920s, historians of Soviet Ukraine used to call the era of national revival. Indeed, in the context of a liberalized, albeit dictatorial political regime and a rather moderate economic policy of the Kremlin, the creative potential of the Ukrainian people for the first time was able to reveal itself in many areas. At the same time, it was a time of strengthening the dictatorship of the Bolshevik leadership, which was preparing to restore the communist assault stopped by V. Lenin in 1921. The collective monograph, addressed to a wide range of readers, offers a non-standard view of the political, economic and cultural processes of the NEP era through the prism of relations between the state and society