The first textbook of this kind provides modern ideas about the peculiarities of the structure and chemical composition of various structures of a bacterial cell and the functional purpose of these structures. The shells of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, the transport and receptor functions of the components of the outer membrane, the structure and functions of the cytoplasmic membrane and intracytoplasmic membrane structures, as well as the functions of elements of the cytoplasm, nucleoid, ribosomes, inclusions, flagella and fimbriae are described in detail. For biology students. It can also be useful to specialists - microbiologists, cytologists, biochemists and geneticists.