The monograph covers the whole range of problems of the largest revolutionary organization in Russia during the time between the first (1861-1863) and second (1876-1879) Earth and Freedom societies. The emergence, composition, ideological and organizational foundations, practice, fate and significance of the society of the so-called "Tchaikovites" as the first association of the "brilliant galaxy of revolutionaries of the 70s" (V.I. Lenin) are investigated. In detail, with new data, the luminaries of society are characterized, who later became world famous revolutionaries (Andrei Zhelyabov, Sofya Perovskaya, Nikolai Morozov, Pyotr Kropotkin, Sergey Kravchinsky, etc.). For historians, philologists, scientists, teachers and students.