After the collapse of the Romanov and Habsburg empires, the Ukrainian movement attempted to create its own national state. The Ukrainian People's Republic, the West Ukrainian People's Republic, the Ukrainian Power of Hetman Skoropadsky appeared on the map of revolutionary Europe. However, their existence was short-lived. In most of the Ukrainian lands, Soviet power was strengthened, the Ukrainian SSR was formed and a policy of Ukrainization was launched. Western Ukrainian lands were included in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Romania. The leaders of these states faced a difficult choice: to choose a course towards assimilation of Ukrainians, or, given the impact of Soviet national policy, to present their own version of Ukrainization. What was the Ukrainian policy of Warsaw, Prague and Bucharest? For the first time in Russian historiography, the book compares in detail various models for solving the "Ukrainian question" in Eastern Europe.