The book proposes a new systematic approach to the analysis of cultural and historical processes and phenomena. The analysis is carried out on the material of reconstruction of spiritual and ideological representations of societies formed in the New World in conditions of independent development, isolated from the influences of the Old World, which makes it possible to distinguish both universals of the general historical process and specific forms of its course. The author reveals the essence of the anthroposystem approach as a research method, derives the main characteristics of Indian societies, their place in the general historical process, and determines indicators of their potential development. Concepts of progress and regression in historical development are formulated. Patterns are revealed that predetermine the specific path of development of a particular socio-historical education.