The book continues the series of collective monographs of the Institute of Europe of the Russian Academy of Sciences under the general title "The Old World - New Times." A little more than three decades ago, Spain forever said goodbye to its long dictatorial past and began the transition to a new life in a democracy. This book is the result of an analytical study of the most notable achievements, mistakes and actions of the PSOE and People's Party governments in economic and foreign policy, party building, social and cultural life of the country over the past decades.