The book is a publication on agrarian development and food supply for the population of the Urals in 1928-1934, which includes a set of documents and materials and a historical study. The documentary part of the publication contains materials extracted from 10 federal and regional archives, revealing agricultural production (agriculture, animal husbandry, logistics), agricultural products, food supply for citizens, food situation of villagers, hunger in the Urals, demographic situation. The research part examines the main trends in the agrarian development of the Urals and the experience of regional opportunities for providing the population with food in the context of modernization. For the first time in historiography, the theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the concept of "agrarian transition." The main quantitative and qualitative characteristics of agricultural production and food supply of the population are revealed. The agrarian and food policy of the Soviet state, its impact on the food supply system, factors of underconsumption of the population, their impact on the demographic situation in the region are analyzed. The book is addressed to everyone who is interested in the history of Russia, the history of the Urals.