The monograph provides a comparative analysis of the main problems of transformation of the political systems of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation. It traces the main stages and historical features of the transformation of the political systems of the two new state formations of Eurasia from the standpoint of the new institutional theory and comparative political science. Based on the neo-institutional approach, the author's concept of transformation of the political institutions of Russia and Kazakhstan was proposed, which contributes to the development of the theory of political changes and political development in the context of globalization and regional integration.