The textbook in a historical context considers a set of issues related to the origin of the Russian people, the formation of the main features of its national character and mindset and their manifestation in various spheres of social life, including the sphere of entrepreneurial activity; the meaning and content of such a complex and ambiguous concept as the Russian national idea, its role and significance in modern conditions are covered, the most important spiritual orientations of the Russian people are considered. An important place in the book is also given to the position of Russia on the modern world map.