The monograph discusses the issues of changing the norms and rules governing the functioning and development of the oil and gas sector within the framework of a transformed economy. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the role of the subsoil use system in the process of institutional transformations in the oil and gas sector of Russia in the second half of the 90s - the beginning of the XXI century. The features of the formation and dynamics of the organizational structure of the oil and gas sector of Russia are analyzed. The main problems related to taking into account the interests of oil and gas producing regions when developing subsoil on their territory are presented. The problems of formation, withdrawal and distribution of rental income generated in the field of subsoil use are considered in detail.