Marxism is one of the first non-classical philosophical teachings. It is present in world culture not as a museum exhibit, but as an intellectual direction that reveals relevant aspects in the life of modern society. Therefore, it is especially important to consider the Russian version of Marxism in the context of European and Russian philosophical culture. Such attempts were made by the authors of this volume. They saw their goal in revealing from different positions the philosophical ideas of the most prominent representatives of Russian Marxism G.V. Plekhanov and V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin) in the context of modern problems of humanitarian knowledge.