This book presents the humanitarian heritage of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev. The basis of the publication is "To the Knowledge of Russia" and "Cherished Thoughts" - the last major works of a great scientist who is not indifferent to the needs of the Fatherland, further ways of its development. The author of these works demonstrates broad views and voluminous knowledge related to state, economic, scientific activities. Systematically setting out his main social ideas, deeply analyzing the issues of education, industry, agriculture, foreign trade, population, Mendeleev seeks to build a strategy for the development of Russia for several centuries ahead and involve a wide range of citizens in understanding the fate of the country.