Who didn't read Andersen's famous fairy tale The Nightingale as a child? It begins with the words: "You, right, know that in China all the inhabitants are Chinese and the emperor himself is Chinese." There are two mistakes in this phrase at once. In China, not only Chinese live, but more than fifty different nationalities, and the emperor himself at the time of the Danish storyteller was not Chinese, but Manchu. Our, European view of China as a one-nation country is clearly outdated. However, the Chinese in the country are the overwhelming majority, more than one billion, and all national minorities are really a minority in percentage terms, even if their number, such as Tibetans, Zhuang or Uyghurs, is seven million or more, and Miao - more than five million. All these peoples have been living side by side with the Chinese for more than one hundred years, and if we talk about the ancestors of many of them, then more than one thousand.