The monograph was prepared by a team of scientists who set out to analyze the transformations that are unfolding in the wide range of the Middle East region. The study was conducted at the intersection of historical and political science approaches. The contradictory interaction of global and regional trends was taken into account. The social, economic and political aspects of Middle East issues include issues of interreligious and interethnic relations, civil and political violence, the correlation of elements of traditionalism and globalism, as well as the peculiarities of the historical process of establishing the borders of the nations-states of the region in the post-colonial period.