The book outlines the physics of the processes accompanying a shot from rifled weapons (internal and external ballistics); the theory of probabilities of hitting targets in various shooting conditions, as well as issues related to the practical assessment of the effectiveness and effectiveness of shooting. Examples show the practical application of probability theory to assess firing efficiency. Extensive information on the ballistics of various most used small arms ammunition in our country, some constructive information on small arms and various small arms aiming devices is provided, issues of combat use of weapons are considered. The principles of development of optical sights and night vision sights are described.