The monograph explores the features of modernization in Afghanistan as a struggle between alternative development strategies and practices and the socio-political forces behind them. These processes are considered in the chronological framework of the 20th - early 21st centuries, when new layers and persons entered the state-political arena of Afghanistan, putting on a practical plane the tasks of education and culture, the transformation of traditional society - its economy, management system, etc., and then tried to modernize individual spheres and the whole country.