For the first time in historical literature, the monograph provides a generalized summary of the paleoanthropology of Central Asia, covering the period from the Stone Age to the present. Analysis of craniological data, carried out taking into account archaeological finds and historical sources, allowed the authors to highlight the ethnogenesis of the ancient and modern peoples of Central Asia; recreate a complex picture of the historical fate of the peoples of Central Asia. Finds of the remains of a child from the Teschik-Tash grotto dating from the early Paleolithic made it possible to put forward the thesis that the southern part of Central Asia was an area of ​ ​ human settlement of the Neanderthal type.