The book is devoted to the early prehistory of the Caucasus, the periods of the Lower and Middle Paleolithic, when the territory of the region was inhabited by the predecessors of modern man - archanthropes and paleoanthropes (Neanderthals). The settlement of the Caucasus, starting from the first penetration of early people here at the very beginning of the Pleistocene period, about 1.8 million years ago, is considered in close connection with global and regional changes in the natural situation and the availability of natural resources. Questions about the ways and chronology of the development of certain parts of the region by early people, about the models of habitat and use of landscapes, about the factors of the formation of various stone industries, etc. are studied.