The book explores a little-known stage in the history of Russian philosophy, related to the influence of the ideas of the German philosopher Christian Wolf on the philosophical, scientific and educational thought in Russia, their role and significance for the general course and nature of the country's socio-cultural development in the 18th - early 19th centuries is clarified. A detailed analysis of Wolfian metaphysics allows us to conclude that its widespread assessments are "flat" and "meager" and to re-comprehend its place in the history of philosophical thought of the New Age and in the approval of the ideas of the Enlightenment in Europe and Russia.