The work is devoted to topical issues of methods of political economy, which are important for the further development and improvement of the political economy of socialism as a scientific system. Considering the method of "Capital" by K. Marx, the author concretizes the dialectical-materialistic understanding of the method of ascent from abstract to concrete as a way of consistent theoretical processing of empirically given material into a system of scientific concepts (categories) in accordance with the objective logic of the subject itself.