Differentiation of the political sentiments of peasants on a class basis in the Soviet era has become almost an axiom for both memoirists and publicists and historians-researchers. As a result, opposition to the Soviet regime of the majority of peasants was considered preset, and therefore there was no particular need to explain the ideological deviations of their various strata by contradictions of military-communist practice. The fact that the peasantry in these years was not politically united is quite obvious, but the watershed between the polar political views in his midst was determined in many ways differently than it was provided for by ideological schemes.