The present survey of the evidence for transport by wheeled vehicle and on the ridden animal in the Near East covers Mesopotamia, Iran, the Levant, and Anatolia. Material from Transcaucasia, Egypt, and Cyprus is considered only when it complements or illuminates the areas of primary interest. Chronologically, the study covers a period ranging from the later 4th millennium B.C., when wheeled vehicles are first attested in the Near East, to the time of the conquests of Alexander the Great, ca 330 B.C.