The theme of "knowledge and translation" accompanied the author all his life: from the university course on Shakespeare's translations, through Foucault's Words and Things, published during the period of "stagnation," to recent translations of works from the field of psychoanalysis and deconstruction. Therefore, "knowledge and translation" is a sphere of personal experience, in which there is a lot of everything - both practice, and reflection along the way, and comparison of approaches to translation in different periods and in different countries. Translation is an anthropological constant of human existence and a condition for the possibility of knowledge in the humanities; however, this is not purely academic matter, but a sphere of passions and clashes. Why has translation become a philosophical problem these days? All this will be discussed in the book. It has two sections: the first is about cognition and language, the second is about translation as a reflective resource of understanding.