The collection contains materials from reports and speeches of participants in the All-Russian (with international participation) scientific and practical conference held in Chita in March 2018, dedicated to various aspects of the history and current state of the Cossacks. The main vector of the conference is the Trans-Baikal Cossacks in historical retrospect and the problems of its modern development. The reports reflect the development of the Cossacks in other regions of Russia and outside the state. The materials characterize the role of the Cossacks in the educational, cultural and other spheres of society. The publication is of interest to scientists, teachers of higher, secondary and secondary specialized educational institutions, all those who are interested in the history and current state of the Cossacks in Transbaikalia, the Russian Federation and beyond.