The monograph examines the nodal problems of modern semantics and pragmatics. The author turns to questions, finding new approaches, interpreting in his own way the relationship within the "triangle" linguistics - psychology - logic and analyzing the constructions of private sciences in the mirror of the general scientific provisions of philosophy and epistemology, reveals some fundamental problems, in particular Saussure's semiotic paradoxes. The author also raises the problem of "other logics": Indobuddian and ancient Chinese material show similarities and differences in the reflections of the wise men of the East and thinkers of the West, and the broader problem "East and West in modern and modern times" is also touched upon.