This book is a continuation of the collective monograph "Problems of the Origin and Evolution of the Biosphere," published in 2008. The works presented in it are a continuation of the research carried out earlier under the program of the same name by the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The collection combines the results of research by scientists working in different fields, using different approaches, but connected by a common interest in the problem of the origin and evolution of life. The experience of researching one of the fundamental problems of natural science - the problem of the origin of life - by the combined efforts of specialists in the fields of geochemistry, physics, chemistry, biology and mathematics, is unique.