The book in a popular science form attempted to historical and sociological generalization of the main problems of the social development of Iran from the time of the emergence of elements of capitalist relations in it at the end of the XIX century. and up to the present day. The main attention is paid to those features of the social and political evolution of the country that determined the peculiar ratio of traditional and modern elements in the anti-monarchist and anti-imperialist revolution of the late 70s of the XX century.