The book includes the work of employees of the laboratory of neurophysiology of training of the Institute of Psychology of the USSR Academy of Sciences. From the standpoint of the theory of the functional system of academician P.K. Anokhin, they study experimental data on the study of neurophysiological mechanisms of targeted behavior. It has been shown that the activity of various brain regions in holistic behavior is targeted and determined by a number of factors that affect the formation of the goal of behavior.