This work is the first scientific study in Russian historiography devoted to the history of the Czechoslovak opposition movement and its most important component - dissidence; the main forms and directions of opposition activities are analyzed; there are twists and turns in the formation of a wide range of independent initiatives and structures that opposed the" normalization regime"; their typology and evolution of software installations are given; a paradigm shift in opposition activity is recorded - the transition from political activity to the concept of "non-political politics." The appendix contains selected documents of the main components of the Czechoslovak opposition movement.