The monograph discusses general problems of environmental microbiology, presents the results of studying the most effective bacterial strains in order to obtain chemicals. Problems of molecular epidemiology of a number of socially significant diseases and functioning of parasitic systems of natural focal transmissible human infections are considered. Approaches to optimization of metabolic processes in a bacterial cell based on bioinformatic technologies and mathematical modeling methods are considered. This publication is designed for students and teachers of biological, chemical and medical specialties.