This comprehensive work prepared by the Laboratory of Archeology, History and Ethnography of the North-Eastern Scientific Research Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences is the first experience of comprehensive coverage of the history of the population of Chukotka from ancient times to the present day. The book tells about the formation and development of the ancient culture of the ancestors of the Chukchi, Koryaks, Yukagirs, Eskimos, surprisingly adapted to the harsh polar conditions, about their original contribution to common human culture; on the discovery and development of Chukotka by the Russians; on the beneficial effects of their culture on Aboriginal populations; on the heroic revolutionary struggle for the power of the Soviets in Chukotka and on the grandiose socialist transformations in the economy and culture of the Chukotka National District under Soviet rule.