This monograph contains materials united by the common theme of the functioning of various forms of opposition in Russia: dissent, deviations of thought, party factions, intellectual fronds, top conspiracies, fake oppositions, parliamentary oppositions. These phenomena are viewed through the prism of an elitological approach, which allows you to identify and analyze the interaction and (or) opposition of political elites, counter-elites and anti-elites. The main attention is paid to showing the regularity and necessity of the development of political opposition and civil society in one form or another at all stages of the history of Russia in the 20th century. The author is convinced that although modern oppositions have not yet become "tigers" of politics, they are the future in a democratic Russian state.